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地中海饮食

Mediterranean Diet

降低心血管事件的证据最强的饮食模式(A级,PREDIMED 等试验),还与更低的死亡风险、更好的血糖和甘油三酯、更低的炎症指标相关(B级)。

怎么做

频率每天
时长长期饮食模式
强度以蔬菜、水果、全谷物、豆类、坚果和橄榄油为主,适量鱼和禽肉,少吃红肉、加工肉和甜食
起步版每天一小把(约 30 克)原味坚果,用全谷物替换一半精白米面

临床用途与人体证据

心梗、中风等心脑血管事件

有效A 级 · 证据充分
研究文献(2)
  1. Estruch 2018 · N Engl J Med · 随机对照试验 · n=7447 — Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts
  2. Delgado-Lista 2022 · Lancet · 随机对照试验 · n=1002 — Long-term secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet and a low-fat diet (CORDIOPREV): a randomised controlled trial

全因死亡风险

有效B 级 · 证据中等
研究文献(1)
  1. Nucci 2026 · Nutrition · 荟萃分析 · n=1833267 — Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and all-cause mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis within the Italian National Guidelines "La Dieta Mediterranea"

血糖与胰岛素抵抗

有效B 级 · 证据中等
研究文献(2)
  1. Salas-Salvadó 2011 · Diabetes Care · 随机对照试验 · n=418 — Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with the Mediterranean diet: results of the PREDIMED-Reus nutrition intervention randomized trial
  2. Papadaki 2020 · Nutrients · 荟萃分析 · n=36983 — The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials in Adults

甘油三酯偏高

有效B 级 · 证据中等
研究文献(1)
  1. Hernandez 2025 · J Am Nutr Assoc · 荟萃分析 · n=10352 — Effect of Mediterranean Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Disease in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

炎症指标(如 CRP)

有效B 级 · 证据中等
研究文献(1)
  1. Casas 2016 · J Nutr · 随机对照试验 · n=165 — Long-Term Immunomodulatory Effects of a Mediterranean Diet in Adults at High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea (PREDIMED) Randomized Controlled Trial

血压偏高

结果不一B 级 · 证据中等
研究文献(2)
  1. Papadaki 2020 · Nutrients · 荟萃分析 · n=36983 — The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials in Adults
  2. Hernandez 2025 · J Am Nutr Assoc · 荟萃分析 · n=10352 — Effect of Mediterranean Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Disease in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

低密度脂蛋白胆固醇偏高

结果不一B 级 · 证据中等
研究文献(2)
  1. Papadaki 2020 · Nutrients · 荟萃分析 · n=36983 — The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials in Adults
  2. Hernandez 2025 · J Am Nutr Assoc · 荟萃分析 · n=10352 — Effect of Mediterranean Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Disease in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

体重与体脂

结果不一B 级 · 证据中等
研究文献(1)
  1. Hernandez 2025 · J Am Nutr Assoc · 荟萃分析 · n=10352 — Effect of Mediterranean Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Disease in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

脂肪肝与肝酶

结果不一B 级 · 证据中等
研究文献(2)
  1. Valenzuela-Fuenzalida 2026 · Clin Nutr ESPEN · 荟萃分析 · n=980 — Mediterranean diet and metabolic outcomes in nafld/masld: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  2. Xiong 2024 · Food Funct · 荟萃分析 — A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: effects of mediterranean diet and low-fat diet on liver enzymes and liver fat content of NAFLD

老年认知减退

结果不一B 级 · 证据中等
研究文献(1)
  1. Valls-Pedret 2015 · JAMA Intern Med · 随机对照试验 · n=447 — Mediterranean Diet and Age-Related Cognitive Decline: A Randomized Clinical Trial

作用机制

NF-κB / AP-1 促炎转录总控抑制

★★☆☆☆机制证据 A 级次要靶点

一项小型随机交叉研究发现,与富含饱和脂肪的西式饮食相比,地中海饮食期间单核细胞的 NF-κB 活化较低。这一变化是否带来临床获益尚未证实。

参考文献(1)
  1. Perez-Martinez 2007 · Atherosclerosis · 交叉随机对照试验 · n=16 — The chronic intake of a Mediterranean diet enriched in virgin olive oil, decreases nuclear transcription factor kappaB activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy men

结肠短链脂肪酸(SCFA/丁酸)发酵底物与受体激活

★★☆☆☆机制证据 A 级

地中海饮食中的膳食纤维可为肠道菌群提供发酵底物。一项饮食加运动的试验发现粪便短链脂肪酸增加,但之后的一项试验未见显著变化;粪便浓度也不能直接反映实际产量。

参考文献(2)
  1. Seethaler 2022 · Am J Clin Nutr · 随机对照试验 · n=260 — Short-chain fatty acids are key mediators of the favorable effects of the Mediterranean diet on intestinal barrier integrity: data from the randomized controlled LIBRE trial
  2. Shannon 2026 · Br J Nutr · 随机对照试验 · n=93 — Impact of a Mediterranean diet and physical activity intervention on the gut microbiome and faecal metabolites: findings from the MedEx-UK randomised controlled trial

注意事项

对坚果或鱼过敏的人请选择替代食物。肾病患者对钾和蛋白质的限制因人而异,请按医嘱调整。
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