地中海饮食
Mediterranean Diet
降低心血管事件的证据最强的饮食模式(A级,PREDIMED 等试验),还与更低的死亡风险、更好的血糖和甘油三酯、更低的炎症指标相关(B级)。
怎么做
| 频率 | 每天 |
|---|---|
| 时长 | 长期饮食模式 |
| 强度 | 以蔬菜、水果、全谷物、豆类、坚果和橄榄油为主,适量鱼和禽肉,少吃红肉、加工肉和甜食 |
| 起步版 | 每天一小把(约 30 克)原味坚果,用全谷物替换一半精白米面 |
- 不必照搬西餐,中式饮食也能按这个结构调整
- 每周吃两次鱼
- 炒菜用油换成橄榄油(主要研究用的是特级初榨橄榄油),或菜籽油
- 坚果和橄榄油用来替换其他油脂,而不是额外加
- 不喝酒的人不需要为此开始喝酒
临床用途与人体证据
心梗、中风等心脑血管事件
研究文献(2)
- Estruch 2018 · N Engl J Med · 随机对照试验 · n=7447 — Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease with a Mediterranean Diet Supplemented with Extra-Virgin Olive Oil or Nuts
- Delgado-Lista 2022 · Lancet · 随机对照试验 · n=1002 — Long-term secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet and a low-fat diet (CORDIOPREV): a randomised controlled trial
血糖与胰岛素抵抗
研究文献(2)
- Salas-Salvadó 2011 · Diabetes Care · 随机对照试验 · n=418 — Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with the Mediterranean diet: results of the PREDIMED-Reus nutrition intervention randomized trial
- Papadaki 2020 · Nutrients · 荟萃分析 · n=36983 — The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials in Adults
血压偏高
研究文献(2)
- Papadaki 2020 · Nutrients · 荟萃分析 · n=36983 — The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials in Adults
- Hernandez 2025 · J Am Nutr Assoc · 荟萃分析 · n=10352 — Effect of Mediterranean Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Disease in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
低密度脂蛋白胆固醇偏高
研究文献(2)
- Papadaki 2020 · Nutrients · 荟萃分析 · n=36983 — The Effect of the Mediterranean Diet on Metabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Trials in Adults
- Hernandez 2025 · J Am Nutr Assoc · 荟萃分析 · n=10352 — Effect of Mediterranean Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Disease in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
脂肪肝与肝酶
研究文献(2)
- Valenzuela-Fuenzalida 2026 · Clin Nutr ESPEN · 荟萃分析 · n=980 — Mediterranean diet and metabolic outcomes in nafld/masld: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
- Xiong 2024 · Food Funct · 荟萃分析 — A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials: effects of mediterranean diet and low-fat diet on liver enzymes and liver fat content of NAFLD
作用机制
NF-κB / AP-1 促炎转录总控抑制
一项小型随机交叉研究发现,与富含饱和脂肪的西式饮食相比,地中海饮食期间单核细胞的 NF-κB 活化较低。这一变化是否带来临床获益尚未证实。
结肠短链脂肪酸(SCFA/丁酸)发酵底物与受体激活
地中海饮食中的膳食纤维可为肠道菌群提供发酵底物。一项饮食加运动的试验发现粪便短链脂肪酸增加,但之后的一项试验未见显著变化;粪便浓度也不能直接反映实际产量。
参考文献(2)
- Seethaler 2022 · Am J Clin Nutr · 随机对照试验 · n=260 — Short-chain fatty acids are key mediators of the favorable effects of the Mediterranean diet on intestinal barrier integrity: data from the randomized controlled LIBRE trial
- Shannon 2026 · Br J Nutr · 随机对照试验 · n=93 — Impact of a Mediterranean diet and physical activity intervention on the gut microbiome and faecal metabolites: findings from the MedEx-UK randomised controlled trial
注意事项
对坚果或鱼过敏的人请选择替代食物。肾病患者对钾和蛋白质的限制因人而异,请按医嘱调整。
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